Introduction to Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8)
Dilauroyl Peroxide, systematically identified by its CAS Number 105-74-8, is a pivotal organic compound belonging to the class of organic peroxides. It functions primarily as a highly effective initiator for free-radical polymerization processes, a role that places it at the heart of manufacturing a vast array of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. This compound, with the molecular formula C₂₄H₄₆O₄, is renowned for its relative stability and specific decomposition temperature, making it a preferred choice for numerous industrial applications that require controlled initiation of chemical reactions.
Understanding Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8) is crucial for chemists, engineers, procurement managers, and safety officers across the chemical manufacturing, polymer, and pharmaceutical sectors. This comprehensive guide delves into every facet of this essential chemical, from its fundamental molecular structure to its complex role in global supply chains, always emphasizing the critical importance of handling Dilauroyl Peroxide with the utmost care due to its inherent reactive nature.
Table of Contents
- Chemical and Physical Properties of Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8)
- Synthesis and Manufacturing Process
- Primary Applications and Uses
- Polymerization Initiator
- Cross-linking Agent
- Other Industrial Uses
- Handling and Storage: Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Insights
- Hazards Identification
- Safe Storage Conditions
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- Toxicology and Environmental Impact
- Regulatory Information and Compliance
- Global Suppliers and Market Analysis of Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8)
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Conclusion
1. Chemical and Physical Properties of Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8)
A thorough understanding of the properties of Dilauroyl Peroxide is fundamental for its safe and effective application. Below is a detailed breakdown of its key characteristics.
- CAS Registry Number: 105-74-8
- IUPAC Name: 1-(Dodecanoylperoxy)dodecan-1-one
- Molecular Formula: C₂₄H₄₆O₄
- Molecular Weight: 398.63 g/mol
- Appearance: White, crystalline solid or powder. Commercial forms may also be available as a paste or dispersed in a plasticizer or water for safer handling.
- Melting Point: Approximately 53 - 55 °C (127 - 131 °F)
- Decomposition Temperature: This is a critical property for organic peroxides. Dilauroyl Peroxide begins to decompose significantly at temperatures above 60-70 °C (140-158 °F), generating free radicals. The half-life of decomposition is a key metric used by engineers to design polymerization processes.
- Solubility: It is soluble in many common organic solvents such as hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, toluene), esters, and chlorinated solvents. It is insoluble in water.
- Active Oxygen Content: Typically around 4.02%. This measures the amount of available oxygen for radical formation and is a key indicator of the compound's effectiveness as an initiator.
- Density: ~0.91 g/cm³
- Storage Temperature: To ensure stability and prevent premature decomposition, Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8) must be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area, often recommended at or below 25°C (77°F).
The specific properties can vary slightly depending on the manufacturer and the form of the product (e.g., pure vs. diluted). Always consult the supplier's Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the most accurate information.
2. Synthesis and Manufacturing Process
The industrial synthesis of high-purity Duroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8) is a carefully controlled chemical process. The most common method involves the reaction of lauroyl chloride with sodium peroxide or hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a base.
A generalized reaction is as follows:
2 C₁₁H₂₃COCl + Na₂O₂ → (C₁₁H₂₃COO)₂ + 2 NaCl
(Lauroyl Chloride + Sodium Peroxide → Dilauroyl Peroxide + Sodium Chloride)
Alternatively, it can be synthesized using hydrogen peroxide:
2 C₁₁H₂₃COCl + H₂O₂ → (C₁₁H₂₃COO)₂ + 2 HCl
The process is typically conducted in an aqueous medium or a suitable organic solvent at low temperatures (0-10°C) to control the exothermic nature of the reaction and prevent runaway decomposition. Post-reaction, the crude product undergoes rigorous purification steps, including washing, filtration, and recrystallization, to remove impurities like salts and chlorides, ensuring the final product meets the required specifications for purity and active oxygen content. Major chemical manufacturers produce Dilauroyl Peroxide under strict quality control protocols to guarantee consistency and safety for its end-use applications.
3. Primary Applications and Uses
The utility of Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8) stems almost exclusively from its ability to decompose predictably into free radicals upon heating. These radicals are the driving force for a multitude of chemical reactions.
Polymerization Initiator
This is the most significant application of Dilauroyl Peroxide. It is widely used as a initiator for the bulk, suspension, and solution polymerization of vinyl monomers, ethylene, styrene, and acrylates. Its specific decomposition temperature range makes it ideal for processes that occur at moderate temperatures (e.g., 60-90°C). It is particularly favored for the production of:
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): It helps in controlling the molecular weight and structure of PVC resins.
- Polystyrene (PS): Used in the polymerization of styrene to create various grades of polystyrene.
- Polyethylene (PE): Especially in certain types of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) production.
- Acrylic Resins: For manufacturing plastics, coatings, and adhesives.
- Synthetic Rubbers: Such as SBR (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber).
Cross-linking Agent
Beyond initiation, Dilauroyl Peroxide is employed to cross-link polymers, particularly polyolefins like polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers. Cross-linking improves the polymer's thermal resistance, chemical stability, and mechanical strength. This is crucial for products like:
- Electrical cable insulation
- Heat-shrink tubings and films
- Automotive parts
- Footwear soles
Other Industrial Uses
While less common, it finds niche applications as a bleaching agent (e.g., for flour and fats) and a source of radicals in organic synthesis for creating carbon-carbon bonds. However, its use in food processing is highly regulated and varies by region.
4. Handling and Storage: Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Insights
Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8) is classified as an organic peroxide, which means it is thermally unstable and can be hazardous if not managed correctly. Adherence to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is non-negotiable.
Hazards Identification
- Fire and Explosion Hazard: As an organic peroxide, it is a combustible solid and can accelerate fire. If subjected to heat, shock, friction, or contamination, it can undergo self-accelerating decomposition, which can lead to fire or explosion.
- Health Hazards: Contact can cause skin and eye irritation. Inhalation of dust may irritate the respiratory system. Repeated or prolonged exposure may have more serious health effects.
- GHS Hazard Statements: Typically includes H241 (Heating may cause a fire or explosion), H315 (Causes skin irritation), H319 (Causes serious eye irritation), and H335 (May cause respiratory irritation).
Safe Storage Conditions
- Store in a dedicated, cool, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and sparks.
- Maintain storage temperatures as recommended by the supplier (often below 25°C/77°F).
- Crucially, keep away from incompatible materials: strong acids, bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and accelerators. Contamination can dramatically increase the risk of decomposition.
- Use non-metallic tools to prevent sparking and contamination.
- Storage containers should be clearly labeled and kept tightly closed.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- Skin Protection: Wear chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile) and protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
- Eye Protection: Use tight-fitting safety goggles or a face shield.
- Respiratory Protection: If ventilation is insufficient and dust is present, use a approved particulate respirator (NIOSH N95 or equivalent).
- Always have safety showers and eye wash stations readily accessible in the work area.
5. Toxicology and Environmental Impact
- Acute Toxicity: Dilauroyl Peroxide is generally considered to have low to moderate acute toxicity via oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. The primary concerns are irritation and sensitization.
- Chronic Toxicity: Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to organ damage, particularly to the liver and kidneys, based on studies of similar peroxides.
- Ecotoxicity: Data specific to CAS 105-74-8 is limited. However, as an organic peroxide, it is expected to be toxic to aquatic life. It may decompose rapidly in water, but the decomposition products themselves could be harmful.
- Persistence and Degradability: It is not considered persistent. It will decompose in the environment, especially under the influence of heat and light.
As with any chemical, the principle of "minimize exposure" should be followed. Spills must be contained and cleaned up immediately by trained personnel using appropriate procedures.
6. Regulatory Information and Compliance
The manufacture, transport, storage, and use of Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8) are subject to strict national and international regulations due to its classification as an organic peroxide.
- Transport Regulations:
- UN Number: UN3105
- Proper Shipping Name: ORGANIC PEROXIDE TYPE D, SOLID
- It is classified under Class 5.2 (Organic Peroxides) for all modes of transport (air, sea, road, rail). Packaging and labeling must comply with stringent rules (e.g., IATA-DGR for air, IMDG Code for sea, ADR for road).
- REACH (EC No. 203-473-1): It is fully registered under the EU's REACH regulation, which governs chemicals in Europe.
- OSHA (USA): Handling in the workplace is governed by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) which requires proper labeling, SDS availability, and employee training.
- Other Regulations: Compliance is also required with country-specific regulations like the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the USA and the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) inventory listings.
7. Global Suppliers and Market Analysis of Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8)
The global market for Dilauroyl Peroxide is robust, driven by demand from the polymer and plastics industries. Key production is concentrated in regions with strong chemical manufacturing bases, including North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific (particularly China).
Prominent Global Suppliers (This is not an exhaustive list and inclusion does not imply endorsement):
- Arkema S.A.
- United Initiators
- Pergan GmbH
- NOF Corporation
- MPI Chemie B.V.
- Shandong Do Sender Chemicals Co.,Ltd.
Market Trends:
- Growth Driver: The increasing demand for PVC, polystyrene, and cross-linked polyolefins across construction, automotive, and packaging industries directly fuels the demand for initiators like Dilauroyl Peroxide.
- Regional Dynamics: The Asia-Pacific region is the fastest-growing market, attributed to rapid industrialization and expanding manufacturing capacities.
- Challenges: Fluctuations in raw material costs and the constant need for stringent safety and regulatory compliance present ongoing challenges for manufacturers.
- Future Outlook: The market is expected to see steady growth, with innovation focused on developing safer formulations (e.g., pastes, dispersions) and improving process efficiency.
8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: What is the primary use of Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8)?
A: Its primary use is as a free-radical initiator for the polymerization of monomers like vinyl chloride, styrene, and ethylene, and as a cross-linking agent for polyolefins.
Q2: Why is the CAS number 105-74-8 important?
A: The CAS number is a unique, universal identifier for this specific chemical. It ensures precise identification for ordering, regulatory compliance, safety documentation, and research, eliminating confusion that can arise from using different naming conventions.
Q3: How should I store Dilauroyl Peroxide?
A: Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from heat, sparks, flames, and incompatible materials. Maintain temperature as per the supplier's SDS recommendation, typically at or below 25°C (77°F).
Q4: Is Dilauroyl Peroxide flammable?
A: It is a combustible solid and can cause fire or explosion if heated, contaminated, or subjected to shock. It is not a classic flammable liquid but is a strong oxidizer that can intensify fires.
Q5: Where can I buy Dilauroyl Peroxide?
A: It is available from global chemical suppliers and distributors specializing in polymer initiators and organic peroxides. Purchases typically require verification of end-use and agreement to safe handling procedures. It is not a consumer product.
9. Conclusion
Dilauroyl Peroxide (CAS 105-74-8) is an indispensable workhorse in the modern chemical industry. Its well-defined properties, particularly its decomposition characteristics, make it a cornerstone for the synthesis and modification of countless polymeric materials that define our daily lives. From the plastics in our homes to the insulation on electrical wires, its impact is profound yet largely unseen.
However, the power of this compound is matched by its potential hazards. A deep respect for its reactive nature, embodied by strict adherence to safety protocols, handling guidelines, and regulatory frameworks, is absolutely essential for its beneficial use. For researchers, engineers, and professionals navigating the world of polymer science, a comprehensive understanding of Dilauroyl Peroxide—from its fundamental chemistry to its practical applications and safety imperatives—is not just beneficial; it is a critical component of responsible and innovative industry practice.
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